PMC

A 52-year-old male patient with a condylar process fracture on the right side. (A) Preoperative coronal computed tomography shows the displaced fracture with medial condylar subluxation. (B) The retromandibular approach offered a limited intraoperative view, and only the proximal cross-section of the distal condylar fragments could be seen by the operator. (C) Preoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography view. (D) Postoperative computed tomography demonstrating good anatomical repositioning of the condylar process.

Histological analysis of the coronoid, condylar and angular processes in control and Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre mice. (A,B) H&E staining shows clear zones of endochondral ossification in the condylar and angular processes in the control at E18.5. The insets show X-gal staining of the condyle and angular processes. The endochondral ossification of the condylar process is diminished in the Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre mutant at E18.5. (C–F) Safranin O staining of the condyle process at E16.5 (C,D) and at E14.5 (E,F). At E16.5, the three zones, articular, intermediate, and hypertrophic, are visible in the control, but chondrogenesis of the condylar process is dramatically diminished and the hypertrophic zone is not detectable in the mutant (arrows). At E14.5, the condylar cartilage matrix is visible in control (arrows), but not in the Tgfbr2^fl/fl;Wnt1-Cre mice (asterisk). Scale bar: 200μm in A–H. Cd; condylar process, Cr; coronoid process, Ang; angular process, az; articular zone, iz; intermediate zone, hz; hypertrophic zone.

Variation of the origin of the muscle bundles inserting into the medial surface of the condylar process. Schematic illustrations of the anteromedial aspect of the right condylar process (a) and lateral aspects of the right sphenoids (B and C). Blue and green regions indicate the pterygoid fovea and the medial surface of the condylar process. Blue regions indicate the attachment sites of the muscle bundles which originated from the lateral plate of the pterygoid process (PpL) and inserted into the pterygoid fovea of the condylar process. Green regions indicate the attachment sites of the muscle bundles which originated from the PpL and inserted into the medial surface of the condylar process. Two patterns of these origins, posterior (b) and posteroinferior (c), are shown. Hamulus, pterygoid hamulus. Ant, anterior; Med, medial; Post, posterior; and Sup, superior

(a) Axial section of CT image; Measurement of diameters of mandibular condylar processes: a- greatest anteroposterior diameter; b-greatest mediolateral diameter and; c- The angle (AG) between the long axis of the mandibular condylar process and the mid sagittal plane; (b) Axial section of CT image; Measurement of perpendicular distance between the geometric centers of the condylar processes and the mid sagittal plane (CDMS); a- the distance between the geometric center of the condylar processes to the midsagittal plane and; b- anteroposterior difference of the condylar processes. MSP-midsagittal plane; LCP- left condylar process; RCP- right condylar process.